Layer 2

Ethereum is a decentralized, open-source blockchain platform whose core value lies in pioneering "Turing-complete" smart contract functionality, enabling developers to build diverse decentralized applications (dApps) upon its global settlement layer. As the native asset of the ecosystem, ETH serves not only as the Gas fuel for paying network computational resources but also as the primary collateral for maintaining the security of the Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus.

The Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) is a decentralized runtime environment responsible for processing all computational logic and state transitions for smart contracts. As a Turing-complete virtual computer, the EVM interprets bytecode and executes it synchronously across tens of thousands of global nodes, ensuring the determinism and censorship resistance of "Code is Law."

EIP-1559 represents the most significant improvement to the economic mechanism in Ethereum's history, restructuring transaction fees from a singular "first-price auction" into a dual-track model consisting of a Base Fee and a Priority Fee. The core logic of this proposal lies in automatically adjusting the Base Fee based on the elasticity of demand for block space and permanently burning it from the total supply.

The core logic of Layer 2 (L2) lies in decoupling the execution layer from the settlement layer to achieve an exponential leap in throughput. As the dominant technical paradigm of L2, Rollups bundle hundreds or thousands of transactions off-chain, submitting only compressed summary data or fraud/validity proofs to the Ethereum mainnet. This "off-chain execution, on-chain settlement" mechanism allows L2s to inherit the mainnet's financial-grade security while reducing transaction costs to mere cents, effectively breaking the blockchain "trilemma" of decentralization, security, and high performance.

Ouroboros is the world’s first Proof-of-Stake (PoS) protocol based on peer-reviewed research and backed by formal security proofs. It structures time into periodic "Epochs" and "Slots," where randomly selected "Slot Leaders" are responsible for block production.

ADA is the native token of the Cardano blockchain.

Optimism open-sourced the OP Stack under the MIT license, winning the battle for L2 standards, but failed to retain Base due to the lack of a value-capture mechanism. As interoperability remains delayed and revenue becomes highly dependent on a single member, the structural imbalance within the alliance is fully exposed. Winning a standard does not necessarily build a moat—distribution and user relationships are the true barriers in the L2 era.

This article analyzes the fundamental differences between Solana (SOL) and Ethereum across architecture design, consensus mechanisms, scaling paths, and node structure, building a clear and reusable framework for comparing public blockchains.

With its impressive performance advantages, SVM is emerging as a key driver of growth for decentralized ecosystems, playing a crucial role in expanding Solana's ecosystem. This article examines the SVM sector, currently valued at approximately $444 million, and explores how innovative projects like Sonic SVM, Eclipse, and Solayer are boosting Solana’s ecosystem through TikTok partnerships, Layer 2 solutions, and hardware acceleration. It also analyzes the sector’s challenges and opportunities across technical, ecosystem, economic, and regulatory dimensions, offering readers comprehensive market insights.

Haust Network is an EVM-compatible Layer 2 blockchain platform designed to simplify decentralized finance by offering a seamless and secure environment for decentralized applications.

As a core member of the Optimism Superchain, Mint Blockchain focuses on addressing key challenges such as NFT asset standardization and liquidity shortages. By leveraging Layer2 technology, it significantly reduces gas fees and enhances user experience. This article provides an in-depth look at its five core modules (Mint Studio, IP Layer, Mint Liquid, etc.) and its innovative staking and restaking mechanisms, showcasing its potential in advancing the NFT ecosystem.

The following is a decision matrix from the perspective of a dapp choosing between deploying to an L1 or an L2 today assuming they both enable similar types of applications (ie. L1/L2 is not custom designed for a specific type of application).

Specifically, let's check what L2 blocks are, how they differ from L1 blocks and why we really shouldn't care that much about L2 block times, even if they're an interesting engineering metric.

Alien Base is a Base-native decentralized exchange (DEX) offering features like yield farming, single staking, and stable swaps. It aims to enhance the Base Chain ecosystem by providing innovative DeFi solutions.

As the first NFT-dedicated Layer 2 network on the Optimism Superchain, Mint Blockchain is redefining the applications of NFTs and RWA through its innovative technological architecture and core modules. This article provides an in-depth analysis of Mint Blockchain's technical features, tokenomics, and ecosystem development, covering key components such as Mint Studio, IP Layer, Mint Liquid, RareShop, and NFT-AI Agent.